Laura Mulvey and her her essay on Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema (1970).- She beleived cinema reflects society. Therfore cinema reflects a patriarchal society. (patriarchal = a society lead by and for men)
HOW DOES A PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY MANIFEST ITSELF IN CINEMA?
Example : Patriarchly and phallocentrism are linked.
- The phallus (male genitals) is the symbol of power.
- NOTE HOW GUNS ARE USED IN FILMS.
GUNS = PHALLUSS = POWER
eg. When a both man has a "mid-life crisis" they buy themselves phallic objects (sports cars).
THE GAZE
The 'gaze' of the camera is the male 'gaze'.
- The male gaze is active, the famle passive.
- Within the narrative male characters direct their gaze towards female characters.
- The specators made to identify with the male look, becuase the camera films from the optical well as libidinal, point of view of the male character.
- Thus three levels of the cinematic gaze - camera, chracter and spectator - the objectify (sexual gaze/glorifies woman) the famel character (the triple gaze).
- Therfore the audience is constructed as though everyone was male.Women are forced to look as though they were a male audience member.
AGENCY
- In the classical Hollywood cinema the male protagonist has agency (he is active and powerful).
- He is the agent around whom the drmatic action unfolds.
- The famle character is passive and powerless - she is the object of deisre for the protagonist and audience.
EROTIC DESIRE
Mulvey argues that women have two role in film:
- As an object of erotic desire for the characters.
- As an object of erotic desire for the audience.